By the late sixties and early seventies, nigeria had attained a production level of over 2 million barrels of crude oil a day. The niger delta terrain is dense and difficult, and it gives the rebels plenty of cover as henry kissinger once remarked about the vietcong during. Concentrated in niger delta previously an agricultural dependent economy, became reliant on oil corruption at its finest nigerian national petroleum company was established in 1977, created a joint venture with shell and other oil companies constitution of 1979 gave the nigerian federal government right to seize land. Canadian journal of development studies revue canadienne detudes du developpement.
Understanding the armed groups of the niger delta council on. Pdf understanding the niger delta crisis within the. Oil extraction, dispossession, resistance, and conflict in. If significant progress could be made on these fronts, much of the sense of injustice and marginalization on the part of the delta population would be assuaged. In their view, the recent conflicts in the delta mark a watershed. This study therefore investigates the nature and character of the amnesty deal. Niger delta crisis no doubt has implications for nigeria. An assessment of nigerdelta crisis on nigerias external relations from 19922008. Mend movement for the emancipation of the niger delta mosop movement for the survival of the ogoni people mpp microprojects program ndsca niger delta social and conflict analysis ndbda niger delta basin development authority ndcfi niger delta community foundations initiative nddc niger delta development commission. Tuareg crises in niger and mali 37 working for the group. The federal government, in a bid to boost oil revenue, is considering a new approach to resolving and sustaining peace in the troubled niger delta region. Niger delta social and conflict analysis may, 2008 sustainable development department.
Oil extraction, dispossession, resistance, and conflict in nigerias oilrich niger delta. Pdf the effects of the niger delta oil crisis on women folks. Abstract this paper attempts to look at the niger delta crisis from a sociopoliticoecological perspective. Since its inauguration, the nddc has focused on the development of social and physical infrastructures, ecologicalenvironmental remediation and human. Crisis groups first report on the niger delta1 examined the historical and societal underpinnings of the growing insurgency. The niger delta crisis is a serious matter that requires serious policy and committed and courageous leadership to resolve. Resolving the niger delta crisis will require far greater commitment on the part of the. The niger delta is home to about 140 different ethnic groups in the nine states included in a broader definition of the region. The victims of these kidnap incidents moved from men to include women as mothers, wives and very young. Pdf this paper tells the stories based on empirical evidence in niger delta. International journal of humanities and social science. Introduction a crisis is a change either sudden or evolving that results in an urgent problem that must be addressed immediately harvard business essential.
The study found that the federal government of nigeria failed to address the root causes of conflict and political violence in the niger. Prepared for the world development report 2009 kate higgins summary. Understanding the armed groups of the niger delta final. Sap was adopted against the backdrop of worsening debt crisis in nigeria. Stop all attempts to divide and coopt armed militants by offering contracts and appointments to leaders and instead encourage them to create and articulate a common and realistic political agenda.
Crisis groups first report on the niger delta examined the historical and societal underpinnings of the growing insurgency. Crisis in the niger delta 5 the most pressing development needs are for better roads, water transport, power, and telecommunications. Which ever way you look at it, the root cause of the whole niger delta crisis is injustice. Introduction this paper offer a discussion of resource control and power allocated to the federal state with respect to the exploration and production of oil and revenuesharing formula for the region where. Shell files an appeal and refuses to accept the judgement. As much as one million barrels worth of daily oil production has been shut in due to violence. Exploring the relationships between environmental governance.
Abia, akwaibom, bayelsa, cross river, delta, edo, imo, ondo and rivers. The situation in the delta remains fragile and will likely return either to intermittent conflict or fullblown insurgency within six to eighteen months if a business as usual approach. The research instrument was a self designed questionnaire named a. As they properly say, the recent oil crisis highlights more profound national challenges that are now facing the reelected president obasanjo and his government. Fg plans new approach to resolve nigerdelta crisis. National network coordinator, wanepnigeria, 3, soji adepegba close, off allen. This causes them to undervalue the potential costs of ongoing violence, as well as the importance of a peaceful niger delta to nigerias economic. Composed of the nigerian army, air force, the police mopol and state security service and deployed in the niger delta region in august 2003, it was tasked. The data analysed revealed that the niger delta crisis has affected job creation, infrastructure provision and.
Real issues in the niger delta crisis vanguard news. This brief explores regional inequality in nigeria, focussing specifically on the niger delta. The political ecology of the niger delta crisis and the. Although the niger delta has a long history of violence, the situation has gone from. The conspiracies of the old colonial masters, in tandem with the. It is typically considered to be located within nine coastal southern nigerian states, which include. Oil and violence in the niger delta isnt talked about. The movement for the emancipation of the niger delta has threatened some rocket attacks. Political ecology philosophical existentialism a theoretical framework is germane in this study.
As the second major oil city after port harcourt, warri is the center of scores of oil installations and the nerve center of the operations of. The current conflict in the niger delta first arose in the early 1990s over tensions between foreign oil corporations and a number of the niger deltas minority ethnic groups who feel they are being exploited, particularly the ogoni and the ijaw. Niger delta are poorly equipped and often have no roofs or books. The niger delta is an unstable area of nigeria, and interethnic clashes are common often access to oil revenue is the trigger for the violence. The irony of it however, is that the niger delta areas, where the. This is because the discovery of oil and its exploitation has ushered in a miserable, undisciplined, decrepit, and corrupt form of petrocapitalism which. Regional inequality and the niger delta policy brief no 5. Exploring womens participation in peace processes authors. Republic of nigeria niger delta social and conflict analysis. As the nations treasure base, the niger delta provides over 80 percent of government revenues, 95 percent of export receipts, and 90 percent of foreign exchange. National network coordinator, wanepnigeria, 3, soji. While nigerian officials opt to buy shortterm ceasefires, such as the 2009 amnesty process, other governments spend too little in money and manpower to grow local civil.
Pdf the emergence of militancy in the niger delta region led to problems of insecurity, pipeline vandalisation, disruption of oil output and. Therefore the focus of this study was to determine the cause of conflicts in the niger delta region of nigeria as expressed by the youth in delta state. The warri crisis, the niger delta, and the nigerian state meredeth turshen warri is a strategic city in the niger delta. Pdf poverty, oil exploration and niger delta crisis. Oil and violence in the niger delta isnt talked about much. Unlike his predecessor, yaradua chose the dialogue option which culminated in the declaration of amnesty for suspected niger delta militants who were willing to. The political ecology of the niger delta crisis and the prospects of lasting peace in the post amnesty period by okoli, al chukwuma. In the crude oilrich niger delta, media reports say that on september 8, soldiers seeking to arrest members of the militant groupniger delta avengersdestroyed 43 houses and. Ethnic and political unrest continued throughout the 1990s despite the return to democracy clarification needed and the election of the obasanjo.
They also link the report to a global hdr network in developing countries. The niger delta human development report benefited immensely from many individuals and institutions. As the second major oil city after port harcourt, warri is the center of scores of oil installations and the nerve center of the operations of oil companies in the. Fg plans new approach to resolve nigerdelta crisis punch. The niger delta development commission nddc was established in 2000 by president olusegun obasanjo with the sole mandate of developing the petroleumrich niger delta region of southern nigeria. Oil, pollution, control, politics, niger delta, federal government, oil companies.
Towards ending conflict and insecurity in the niger delta. Chukwuemeka eze, bridget osakwe, bukola akosile, evelyn mere editorquality assurance. For example, in the niger delta region southern nigeria, chiefs may be selected through inheritance or may be chosen for a set term or for life icg 3 aug. Causes of conflicts in the niger delta region of nigeria. Members of the national human development report nhdr team provide detailed comments and advice throughout the research process. An assessment of the niger delta crisis and nigerias. In the late 1980s, several indigenous tribal groups began raising concerns about international oil company operations in the niger delta, a region of about. Moreover, the impact and the widespread of globalisation as a universal phenomenon have also heightened the status of concern about the environment. Nigerias niger delta by esther cesarz, steve morrison and jennifer cooke is of signal importance.
Pdf on jan 31, 2014, ihayere celestina and others published the effects of the niger delta oil crisis on women folks find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Studies on the niger delta crisis have largely neglected emphasizing the centrality of ecological under currents and attendant depravations in the crisis folarin, 2006. The niger delta has a long history of militant activity dating back to and beyond the. Pdf oil and gas have been described as the mainstay of the nigerian economy today. The amnesty deal is a desperate effort by the nigerian state to end the niger delta crisis, and thereby restore some dignity and pride to itself. Poverty and inequality in nigeria has strong regional concentrations, resulting in significant levels of regional disparity. The niger delta is the delta of the niger river sitting directly on the gulf of guinea on the atlantic ocean in nigeria. Icg international crisis group icpc independent corrupt practices and other related crimes commission ida international development association iyc ijaw youth council lga local government area. Oil unions launch a threeday strike over deteriorating security situation in the niger delta. It examines the often hazy overlap between the militant niger delta cause and criminal and political motives, and identifies the steps required to defuse the conflict. To a greater extent, the niger delta crisis ndc is a struggle of the ignored minorities against the supposed majorities peterside, 2006. Hospitals operate on a daily basis with only ou tward pat ients with no admissions, no adequate equipment o r windows.
The niger delta the geographical heart of oil production in nigeria has been a breeding ground for militants for some years now. Causes and failed solutions the crisis in the niger delta is multifaceted and has reared its ugly head through pipeline vandalisation, formation of militant groups, attacks on oil companies and oil installations, kidnapping and hostage taking of oil workers. Short of a policing or military or paramilitary defence of the pipelines, it is my judgment that the protection requirement within section 115b involves a general shielding and caring obligation. Oil exploration and current state of the niger delta niger delta is made up of nine states namely. While at times ambiguous and incoherent, president yaraduas efforts in the delta included the creation of the niger delta technical committee in 2008, the establishment of the ministry of niger delta affairs in 2008, and a scheme to organize militants into a private company charged with guarding oil facilities. The oil rich niger delta region of nigeria has been embroiled in crisis. Conflict in the niger delta more than a local affair summary neither nigeria nor foreign donors are investing enough to end violent conflict in the niger delta. While some facilitated access to relevant information and data, others provided valuable contributions to ensure the high quality and independence of the report. Ogoni crisis accounting for the escalation of the crisis.
Takwa zebulon suifon and ifeanyi okechukwu address enquiries to. Although production figures dropped in the eighties due to economic slump, 2004 saw a total rejuvenation of oil. Sap resulted in the intensification of oil exploration and the further. The conflict in the niger delta region of nigeria has become global as it is wont to, given the fact that the major actors in the crisis are transnational the multinational oil corporations play very critical and fundamental roles in the crisis as. Citizenship questions and environmental crisis in the niger delta researches and the production of intellectual energies and output in terms of resolutions, agreement, laws, conventions etc2. Human development report 2006 the human development report office hdro the human development report is the product of a collective effort. Its focus on the niger delta and its festering crisis stems from that regions critical importance to nigeria.
One person who has worked closely with shell over the past few years says internal company documents suggest the actual figures are much. Making use of library research and content analysis methodologies, the paper detailed in a systematic manner the real issues involved in the struggle, from the perspectives of the nigerian state, the niger delta communities, and the oil companies. Put differently, while social and relative deprivation is. Specifically, it explores one of the government of nigerias gon responses to the marginalisation of. It does this by revising the many unresolved issues, including the ogoni crisis accounting for the escalation of the crisis.
It reveals the process and structure of the conflict which started from. This conflict has cost the nigerian government dearly. On august 6th 2007, aichatou mindaoudou, the foreign affairs and cooperation secretary, proclaimed the niger. Mar 28, 2017 ifeanyi onuba, abuja the federal government, in a bid to boost oil revenue, is considering a new approach to resolving and sustaining peace in the troubled niger delta region. Fuelling the niger delta crisis crisis group africa report n118, 28 september 2006 page iii federal and state governments and niger delta parties, based on the proposal already accepted in principle by several delta activist and militant groups. Conflict in the niger delta united states institute of peace. Monday uijiakhien okojie abstract the frequency of. Ending unrest in the niger delta crisis group africa report n5, 5 december 2007 page ii 2. Niger delta history pdf the oil rich niger delta region of nigeria has been embroiled in crisis.